Sintomatología y factores de riesgo presentes en la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 / Symptomatology and risk factors present in SARS-CoV-2 disease

Objetivo: Analizar la información obtenida de estudios previos acerca del cuadro clínico presente en enfermedad por SARS -CoV-2, así como los factores de riesgo y vulnerabilidad que predisponen a dicha enfermedad, para determinar los más frecuentes en interés de guiar al buen diagnóstico y tratamiento de la misma. Método: Revisión sistemática utilizando la internet y motores de búsqueda como Google Scholar y PubMed. Las fuentes revisadas se encuentran publicadas en revistas en línea tales como Elsevier, Jama, SciELO, Science Direct, entre otras. Se incluyeron documentos por la Secretaría de Salud de México, y la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados: Se observó que la sintomatología del SARS-CoV-2 es variable, encontraron casos asintomáticos. Existe una alta incidencia en distintos síntomas como son: fiebre, tos seca y cansancio. La COVID-19 tiene una letalidad de 10.2% en México. Entre las complicaciones más comunes se encontraron neumonía, insuficiencia cardiaca. Se observaron varios factores de riesgo que pueden llevar a una muerte como desenlace, tales como: HTA, obesidad, ECV, EPOC, cáncer y diabetes. Existen factores de vulnerabilidad como: inadecuado acceso de agua limpia y saneamiento, infraestructura inadecuada, inseguridad alimentaria, entre otros. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de los síntomas más comunes en la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 es una herramienta de utilidad clínica para mejorar la atención médica. La presencia de comorbilidades dispone a un agravamiento significativo de la enfermedad, los factores de riesgo y vulnerabilidad apuntan a la necesidad de optimización de actividades en materia de salud pública.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the information obtained from previous studies about the clinical picture present in SARS -CoV-2 disease, as well as the risk and vulnerability factors that predispose to this disease, in order to determine the most frequent ones in the interest of guiding the good diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Method: The reviewed sources are published in online journals such as Elsevier, Jama, SciELO, Science Direct, among others. Also included were documents published by the Mexican Ministry of Health, and the World Health Organization. Results: It was observed that the symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 is variable, asymptomatic cases were found. There is a high incidence of different symptoms such as: fever, dry cough, tiredness. COVID-19 has a 10.2% lethality in Mexico. Among the most common complications were found, pneumonia, heart failure. Several risk factors were observed that can lead to death as an outcome, such as: ATH, obesity, CVD, COPD, cancer and diabetes. In addition to these risk factors there are vulnerability factors such as: inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate infrastructure, food insecurity, among other. Conclusions: The knowledge of the most common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 disease is a clinically useful tool for improving health care. On the other hand, the presence of comorbidities leads to a significant worsening of the disease, risk and vulnerability factors point to the need for optimization of public health activities.(AU)

Influencia de la educación en el seguimiento de las medidas sanitarias ante la pandemia por Covid-19 / Influence of education in the monitoring of health measures in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic

La educación es un factor importante en la formación de conductas y posturas sociales que adopta un individuo día a día y en su participación en eventos de consideración. Existe un severo problema de educación en México, según datos de INEGI (2015) el 93% de la población de 15 años es analfabeta. lo que lleva a pensar que el nivel educativo de la población influye en las actitudes y posturas frente a los lineamientos preventivos de la pandemia. Objetivo: Describir cómo influye la educación de la sociedad para poder llevar acabo correctamente las medidas sanitarias y evitar que la enfermedad Covid-19 se propague y no afecte más de lo que ya ha afectado a todo el mundo. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de carácter transversal mediante la aplicación de una encuesta en google en los estados de Hidalgo, Chiapas y Estado de México, a un total de 128 personas. Resultados:Se contó con la participación de 128 individuos en la presente investigación, 63 mujeres y 61 hombres. Del total de personas, el 46% refiere haber cursado algún grado de licenciatura, mientras que el 54% no refirió haberlo hecho. El 100% de los participantes refirieron creer en la pandemia y el 99,2% considera que existe COVID 19 en México. Conclusión: En México se ha demostrado que la educación si influye respecto a los lineamientos de sanidad, por eso es importante invertir en educación, esto permite mayor conocimiento para evitar contagios y al mismo tiempo prevenir para enfermedades futuras o nuevos rebrotes. De no hacerlo así, continuaremos con resultados negativos.(AU)

Education is an important factor in the formation of behaviors and social postures that an individual adopts every day and in their participation in important events. There is a severe education problem in Mexico, according to data from INEGI (2015) 93% of the 15-year-old population is illiterate. which leads to think that the educational level of the population influences attitudes and postures regarding the preventive guidelines of the pandemic. Aim: Describe how the education of society influences to be able to correctly carry out sanitary measures and prevent the Covod-19 disease from spreading and not affecting more than it has already affected the whole world. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was conducted by applying a google survey in the states of Hidalgo, Chiapas and Estado de México to a total of 128 people. Results: A total of 128 individuals participated in this research: 63 women and 61 men. Of the total number of individuals, 46% reported having completed some degree, while 54% did not report having done so. 100% of the participants reported belief in the pandemic and 99.2% consider that there is COVID 19 in Mexico. Conclusion: In Mexico, it has been shown that education does influence health guidelines, so it is important to invest in education, this allows greater knowledge to avoid contagions and at the same time prevent future diseases or new outbreaks. Otherwise, we will continue with negative results.(AU)

Vacunación por elección contra COVID-19 por la comunidad mexicana / Vaccination by election against COVID-19 by the mexican community

La pandemia por COVID-19 es la crisis de salud mundial que define nuestro tiempo, es el mayor desafío que se ha enfrentado en mucho tiempo. Es por esto que las organizaciones de salud trabajan duro para encontrar una vacuna que reduzca el impacto de este virus. Objetivo: Describir la opinión del público sobre la vacuna COVID-19 para generar un panorama del conocimiento de la comunidad, del impacto que esta tendrá, así como de las áreas de salud preventiva que servirán de apoyo para que la comunidad esté convencida de aplicarse la vacuna. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de carácter transversal mediante la aplicación de una encuesta en Google forms a hombres y mujeres de los estados de Hidalgo, Guerrero, Puebla y México a 150 personas con un rango de edad de 15-80 años. Resultados: El 29.33% no se se aplicaría la vacuna contra COVID-19 principalmente por el miedo a consecuencias adversas y la falta de conocimiento, en cambio un 70.67% indicó que si se la aplicaría debido a que confían en los avances de la ciencia en el área de la salud. Conclusión: Es necesario implementar más conocimiento en la población mexicana para generar interés sobre los avances de la salud, así como lo es la vacuna para el covid-19, de lo contrario los resultados serán negativos.(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time, it is the greatest challenge that has been faced in a long time. This is why health organizations work hard to find a vaccine that reduces the impact of this virus.Objective: Describe the opinion of the public about the COVID-19 vaccine to generate an overview of the community's knowledge, the impact it will have, as well as the preventive health areas that will support the community to be convinced of applying the vaccine. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was carried out by applying a survey in Google forms to men and women from the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero, Puebla and Mexico to 150 people with an age range of 15-80 years. Results: 29.33% would not apply the vaccine against COVID-19 mainly due to fear of adverse consequences and lack of knowledge, on the other hand 70.67% indicated that they would apply it because they trust the advances of science in the area Of the health. Conclusion: It is necessary to implement more knowledge in the Mexican population to generate interest in health advances, as is the vaccine for covid-19, otherwise the results will be negative.(AU)

Structural and functional characterization of the divergent Entamoeba Src using Src inhibitor-1.

BACKGROUND: The abundant number of kinases that Entamoeba histolytica possesses allows us to assume that the regulation of cellular functions by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation processes is very important. However, the kinases responsible for the phosphorylation in Entamoeba spp. vary in the structure of their domains and, therefore, could be responsible for the unusual biological characteristics of this parasite. In higher eukaryotes, Src kinases share conserved structural domains and are very important in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In both Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba invadens, the major Src kinase homologue of higher eukaryotes lacks SH3 and SH2 domains, but does have KELCH domains; the latter are part of actin cross-linking proteins in higher eukaryotic cells. METHODS: The function of the EhSrc protein kinase of Entamoeba spp. was evaluated using Src inhibitor-1, microscopy assays, Src kinase activity and western blot. In addition, to define the potential inhibitory mechanism of Src-inhibitor-1 for the amoebic EhSrc protein kinase, molecular dynamic simulations using NAnoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD2) program and docking studies were performed with MOE software. RESULTS: We demonstrate that Src inhibitor-1 is able to prevent the activity of EhSrc protein kinase, most likely by binding to the catalytic domain, which affects cell morphology via the disruption of actin cytoskeleton remodeling and the formation of phagocytic structures without an effect on cell adhesion. Furthermore, in E. invadens, Src inhibitor-1 inhibited the encystment process by blocking RhoA GTPase activity, a small GTPase protein of Rho family. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the EhSrc molecule of Entamoeba is not a typical Src, because its divergent amino acid sequence, it is a critical factor in the biology of this parasite via the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling via RhoA GTPase activation. Based on this, we conclude that EhSrc could become a target molecule for the future design of drugs that can prevent the transmission of the disease.

New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Aspirin in the Prevention of Colorectal Neoplasia.

The results of clinical studies have shown that the chronic administration of aspirin, even at the lowdoses (75-100 mg daily) recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, is associated with a reduction of cancer incidence and mortality, in particular colorectal cancer (CRC). The mechanism of action of aspirin as an antineoplastic agent remains controversial. However, data of clinical pharmacology and several features of the chemopreventive effect of aspirin, emerged from clinical trials, suggest that the antiplatelet effect of aspirin plays a central role in its anticancer effects. In addition to their contribution to tumor metastasis, platelets may play a role in the early phases of tumorigenesis. In response to lifestyle and environment factors, intestinal epithelial damage/ dysfunction may be associated with platelet activation, initially as a mechanism to repair the damage. However, if the platelet response is unconstrained, it may contribute to the development of chronic inflammation. Altogether these events lead to alter the normal functions of intestinal epithelial cells and may translate into cellular transformation through several mechanisms, including the overexpression of cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which are considered early events in colorectal tumorigenesis. Thus, antiplatelet agents may play a role in the prevention of CRC by modifying epigenetic events involved in early phases of colorectal tumorigenesis. Finally, we carried out a critical review of the literature on off-target mechanisms of aspirin action as anticancer drug.